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Civil engineering

The design and construction of roads, railways, bridges, aqueducts, canals, ports, harbours, moles, breakwaters, lighthouses and drainage works. The term originated in the distinction between these engineering activities and those associated with military operations, e.g. fortification, ordnance, etc. The General Conditions of Contract for Civil Engineering Construction include insurance obligations.

Civil Engineering Completed Risks Insurance (CECR) for Engineering Insurance

Policy to cover unforeseen and sudden physical loss or damage to civil engineering completed projects viz., Bridges, Dry docks, Harbors, Jetties, Railway lines, Runways, Water Pipelines, Canals, Irrigation system, Tunnels, Water reservoirs, Rock Filled dams. CECR is a named perils policy. It covers the insured against any unforeseen and sudden physical loss or damage necessitating repair or replacement caused by (a) Impact of land borne or waterborne vehicles or aircrafts or articles dropped therefrom (b) Earthquake, volcanism, tsunami, (c) Storm (air movements stronger than Grade 8 on the Beaufort Scale) (d) Flood or inundation (e) Subsidence, landslide, rockslide or any other earth movement (f) Frost, avalanche, ice, snow (g) Vandalism of individual persons (h) Fire, lightning, explosion. Also, additional perils can be included by endorsement depending on the location and type of risk involved e.g., bush fire. The property must be insured at new replacement value including removal of debris. Period of insurance one year.

Civil Law

(1) A legal system derived from Roman Law, in which most of the law is expressed in codes of law (2) The national or municipal law of a State in contrast with Public International Law, (3) The laws of a country excluding some field of fields of law such as criminal or military law or in some countries administrative law, ecclesiastical law or commercial law.

Civil Liability (Contribution Act) 1978

Replaces and extends the Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act 1935 which abolished the common law rule that a judgment in favour of a claimant against one of a number of joint tortfeasors barred subsequent proceedings against the others. The 1978 Act gives a tortfeasor the right to secure a contribution from other tortfeasors where the legal basis of their respective liabilities lies in tort, breach of contract, breach of trust or otherwise. The Act also abolished the rule that if the claimant’s action against one tortfeasor succeeded the damages awarded set a limit for any subsequent actions against other defendants.

Civil Procedure Rules (CPR)

The Civil Procedure Act 1997 implemented much of the Woolf Report and unified the civil claims procedure in the UK courts. The objective is to ensure that the parties are on an equal footing, save expense and have their cases dealt with quickly and fairly. Litigation is seen as a last resort as the parties are encouraged to explore alternative dispute resolution methods and display greater cooperation at the pre-action stage under the pre-action protocols. See ACCESS TO JUSTICE ACT 1999.

Civil war

‘War between two or more portions of a country or state, each contending for mastery of the whole and each claiming to be the legitimate government. The term is also applied to war or rebellion when the rebellious portions of the state are contiguous to those containing the seat of Government’. (F.H. Jones).