Fills gap arising from 1992 CLC regime that compensates only for oil pollution spillages from the cargo or bunkers of laden oil tankers. The Convention extends civil liability to pollution caused by oil spills from the bunkers of general cargo ships. The Convention follows 1992 CLC in most respects and includes compulsory insurance. The strict liability of CLC has already been extended to non-tankers and tankers in ballast in the UK by the Merchant Shipping (Salvage and Pollution) Act 1994.

Standard clauses that are used with the MAR 91 form. IHC reflects current practices, the increased importance of the International Safety Management Code, flag states and classificiation societies in connection with ship safety. The pollution hazard clause has been extended. The new clauses emphasise the consequences of breaching policy conditions. Part 1 sets out the Principal Insuring Conditions, Part 2 sets out additional frequently required clauses including Clauses 40 to 44 (4/4ths collision liability, fixed and floating objects, returns for lay up, general average absorption and additional perils otherwise excluded in Part 1) only apply when agreed by the underwriter. Part 3 contains claims provisions.

First International Chamber of Commerce anti-crime bureau and has observer status with Interpol and cooperates with governments and law enforcement agencies generally. Its task is to prevent fraud in international trade and maritime transport, reduce the risk of piracy, assist law enforcement agencies, protect crews and investigate insurance losses. See IMB PIRACY REPORTING CENTRE.
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To answer to the problems of international maritime frauds a non-governmental body known as the International Maritime Bureau was formed in London in 1981. Four preventive functional services are being offered by the Bureau (i) education service to supplement members’ present training programs on the prevention of maritime fraud; (ii) providing a general information through the regular publication of a bulleting containing latest developments in various parts of the world ; (iii) advisory services on whether potential trading partners are known to have previously been involved in fraudulent or suspect practices; and (iv) authenticating trading documents for banks and others that may need such assistance.

okUnited Nations Agency for setting standards on ship safety and prevention of oil pollution connected with which it is responsible for international conventions. It has headquarters in London. The UK’s annual subscription is based on ship’s tonnage on the UK and Red Ensign registers.