The difference between an Insurer’s assets and its liabilities divided by its liabilities. One measure of an Insurer’s financial strength.
Insurance Encyclopedia
Policyholders’ equity
A large part of the investment earnings of non-life insurers comes from the administration of what is called the policyholders’ equity’ in the assets of the company covering the unearned premium reserve and outstanding claims.
Policyholders’ funds
See: TECHNICAL RESERVES.
Policyholders’ surplus
The amount of money available to an insurer to meet its obligations to its policyholders, after subtracting liabilities.
Policyowner
The person who owns a policy. This person may or may not be the policyholder.
Policywriting agent
An agent charged with and given license to write policies for an insurer.
Political Risk
Potential losses to foreign loss exposures caused usually by the host government or other political forces in the host country. Illustrations are confiscation of property, cancellation of import licenses, and kidnapping.
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UK: There is no single definition but usually means a risk that is subject to political decisions and therefore beyond the firm’s control. Political risk must be carefully distinguished from commercial risk (changes in production, prices, interest rates, currency rates, etc.). They fall into five groups: confiscation; expropriation and nationalisation; currency inconvertibility; contract frustration; and war and civil unrest. Insurance cover is available for each group with confiscation, expropriation and nationalisation being the most readily available and contract frustration being the most difficult risk to place. The Export Credit Guarantee Department has a vital role in the insurance of political risk but there is also private sector provision. See credit insurance; export credit; financial guarantee and overseas investment insurance.
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Unanticipated political events that disrupt the earnings or profit-making ability of an enterprise Nationalization and expropriation are examples.
Political risk insurance
Coverage for businesses operating abroad against loss due to political upheaval such as war, revolution, or confiscation of property.
Pollutant cleanup and removal
An aggregate first party coverage that applies to the insured’s expense in extracting pollutants from land or water at the insured’s location if the release of the pollutants is caused by or results from a covered loss.
Polluter pays principle
Equates the price charged for using environmental resources with the cost to society. Charges may be direct through taxes on pollution-generating processes or indirect through the purchase price of licences entitling the holder to generate specific quantities of pollutants. Another approach is to make polluters strictly liable for the injury/damage that they cause, leaving them to carry the risk or undergo the scrutiny of an insurer. See ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1995.