In ship’s holds, cargo pallets and unit loads are stacked usually 4 to 5 tiers high and other break-bulk cargo to a above is proportional to the number of tiers of storage. For example, in a 5 tier stow of 1 ton pallets, the lowest to a static pressure of 4 tons. In conditions of increased gravitational forces when a ship pitches in heavy sea, the goods are subjected to varying compressive forces. These dynamic forces are particularly marked in the fore and aft parts of the vessel, where they can result in an increased pressure of up to 100% on the cargo. Thus, the lowest pallet referred to in the example, could be subjected, in its voyage to a compressive force of 8-10 tons, depending on the situation.