Alternative markets

Mechanisms used to fund self-insurance, including captives, which are insurers owned by one or more non-insurers to provide owners with coverage. Risk-retention groups, formed by members of similar professions or businesses to obtain liability insurance, are also a form of self-insurance.

Alternative medicine

Nontraditional medical care given by providers such as acupuncture, aroma therapy, chiropractic, diet, exercise, faith healing, homeopathy, Indian Ayurvedic medicine, massage, meditation, mind/body therapies, nutritional and herbal medicine, stress management, and therapeutic touch. A number of health insurance companies and managed care organizations have begun to provide insurance coverage for a few of these alternative therapies. Alternative billing codes (ABCs) are used to bill for these services. Also see integrative health care and alternative billing codes (ABCs). Website: www.alternativelink.com

Alternative Probability

Probability of any one of two or more events. If A and B are two events, the alternative probability of either one of them is expressed as “p(A or B).”Probability, Conditional Probability : Probability of one event given that another event has already occurred. If A and B are two events, then the probability of A, given that B has occurred, is expressed as “p(A or B).”Probability, Joint Probability : Probability that two (or more) events will both (or all) occur. If A and B are two events, the joint probability of both is expressed as “p(A or B).”Probability Distribution : A listing of all the possible outcomes that might occur and the probability of each possible outcome. The sum of these probabilities must equal 1.

Alternative risk financing An ART (qv)

term describing techniques that provide a funding source other than conventional (re)insurance to meet defined risks. The insured may seek to smooth his earnings over a period of years and seek committed funding to deal with prospective loss and/or secure post-loss funding. The insurer taking the risk combines discounted cashflow techniques with actuarial risk analysis. Techniques include: finite reinsurance, financial reinsurance and contingent capital.

Alternative risk transfer (ART)

Generic phrase to denote various non-traditional forms of (re)insurance and techniques where risk is transferred to the capital markets. More broadly it refers to the convergence of (re)insurance, banking and capital markets. See FINANCIAL REINSURANCE; FINITE REINSURANCE; SECURITISATION; ALTERNATIVE RISK FINANCING; WEATHER DERIVATIVES. (See Figure 1).