1. Costs incurred for processing of data. 2. See reimbursement. 3. In Medicare fraud, deliberately applying for duplicate payment (e.g., to bill both Medicare and the beneficiary for the same service or to bill both Medicare and another insurance company to attempt to get paid twice). 4. Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI) is permissible for treatment, payment, and health care operations (TPO).