A group life and/or pension scheme that varies the benefits for members according to categories of membership. Life cover for one category might be three times income, but four times for another. Each category is carefully defined in order to ensure that there is no discrimination against individuals.

Marine clause meaning that the bailee of goods gets the benefit of any insurance policy effected by the cargo owner should an insured loss occur while the goods are in the bailee’s care. If the contract of carriage is subject to the US Carriage of Goods by Water Act, the clause is void.

Policies such as personal accident and life insurances where the amount to be paid is a pre-agreed benefit and is not based on actual losses as with indemnity contracts. Individuals are free to put their own value on life and limb; the main constraint is their ability to pay.

Non-cash benefits for employees, such as private medical insurance. The amount paid for such benefits is added to the employee’s taxable income for tax purposes. The benefits are shown on form P11D and their value counts towards the calculation of maximum Inland Revenue pension benefits.