Damage caused by water and other extinguishing agents used to extinguish and contain fires. Such damage is the natural and probable consequence of the fire and so is a part of the fire damage.

Marine insurance term referring to the expenses incurred by the insured in proving a loss, e.g. survey fees, auction or sale charges. The insurer pays them only if the claim is admitted. However, where a survey is carried out on the instructions of the insurer, e.g. by the Salvage Association, this will always be paid by the insurer.

A peril of the sea. Heavy weather may be normal in certain waters and should therefore be anticipated and guarded against. They are a certainty rather than a risk. For example, storms are a daily occurrence in the Strait of Magellan around the tip of South America. When they are of exceptional severity that could not have been anticipated they become a peril of the sea and therefore insurable.