Cleaning-up and restoring land that has become contaminated. Costs can be recovered under first party insurances and liability to third parties may be covered under environmental impairment liability. Local authorities can compel owners/occupiers to remediate contaminated land.

A non-dominant cause linked to a chain of events that culminates in a loss. The remote cause facilitates the loss rather than causes it. In Marsden v. City & County Assurance Co. (1865) a fire broke out and a mob assembled and broke plate glass windows in neighbouring premises with view to looting. The action of the mob, not the fire, was the proximate cause.

Describes the lack of a sufficiently direct connection between the wrong complained of and the injury alleged to have been sustained. ‘Negligent’ defendants are not liable for damage that is too remote.
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Where damage is only indirectly caused by an event giving rise to liability, or where the occurrence of the damage could not reasonably have been foresee, it is said to be remote and is not recoverable.

Property insurance clause extending cover to include costs of clearing away debris, dismantling, shoring and propping up following insured damage. Sums insured are normally increased by 5-7.5 per cent to allow for these expenses.

A construction industry and civil engineering risk which will generally constitute a nuisance (Bower v. Peate (1876)) making the creator or person who authorised the nuisance liable for the damage without proof of negligence. See JCT 21.2.1 NONNEGLIGENT COVER; COLLAPSE INSURANCE.