Covers operator’s liability to passengers, passengers’ baggage, cargo, mail and third parties plus legal defence costs. Airlines normally extend cover to include ‘personal injury’ claims defined as false arrest, malicious prosecution, invasion of privacy, discrimination, slander/false advertising and medical malpractice. Cover can extend to liability arising from war perils, excepting nuclear risks and war between major powers. Deductibles apply only to baggage and cargo claims. Cover in respect of noise, seepage and pollution is restricted. Exclusions include fines, flight delays, liability to pilots/crew and ‘own’ property.